Myofascial pain syndromes including cervical-shoulder, thoracic, interscapular, and lumbar-sacral regions (Myofascial pain syndrome is a complex condition characterized by muscle tension, painful muscle tightness, and localized hypertonicity associated with myofascial trigger points. These trigger points are often located in muscles, fascia, or tendons and represent the primary underlying cause of this type of pain.

Each trigger point has specific zones of referred pain. Referred pain typically presents as dull, deep, and aching. Palpation of a trigger point reproduces a characteristic pain pattern, providing critical diagnostic information. Trigger points are classified as either active (spontaneously painful without external stimulation) or latent (painful only under pressure). Latent trigger points are often associated with functional impairments, restricted range of motion, and exacerbation of pain syndromes under the influence of external provocations.

Potential factors contributing to the onset of myofascial pain include:

• Acute overstrain of muscles during improper or awkward movements.
• Trauma (e.g., vehicular accidents, workplace injuries, or sports-related incidents).
• Excessive mechanical load on the musculoskeletal system (hyperextension).
• Exposure to low temperatures.
• Acute emotional or psychological stress.
• Prolonged static postural strain (e.g., working at a computer).
• Myofascial Pain Dysfunction

This condition often coexists with pain syndromes and arises due to biomechanical and functional impairments within the musculoskeletal system. These disruptions lead to chronic muscle tension and pathological biomechanical changes, creating a self-sustaining pain cycle.

Myofascial Pain Dysfunction arises alongside pain syndrome and occurs due to the impaired function of certain muscles in response to painful stimuli originating from various sources (e.g., the spine, joints, ligaments, or musculoskeletal structures). This dysfunction triggers muscle spasms as a protective reaction, leading to the formation of painful trigger points. The resulting symptoms include acute pain and muscle spasms.

A key feature of myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS) is the presence of trigger points within taut muscle bands. For instance, in cases involving the shoulder and neck region, these trigger points are often localized in the trapezius muscle, the levator scapulae, or other nearby muscles. When palpated, such trigger points are typically felt as dense or nodular areas within the muscle. Pressure on these points often produces sharp, localized pain, sometimes accompanied by the "jump sign."

Diagnostic Criteria for MFPS:

1. Complaints of regional pain.
2. Palpation reveals "taut bands" within the affected muscle.
3. Areas of heightened sensitivity are detected in these taut bands (trigger points).
4. Referred pain patterns or sensory disturbances (e.g., paresthesia) are noted upon palpation of trigger points.
5. Restricted range of motion in affected areas.
6. Local twitch responses elicited by palpation or injection into the trigger point.
7. Pain reduction after specific interventions, such as trigger point injections or dry needling.

Treatment Approaches:

At our clinic, treatment includes a comprehensive approach incorporating medication, physiotherapy, manual therapy, reflexotherapy, and dry needling techniques.